Copper deficiency

Copper deficiency
Copper deficiency
Other names	Hypocupremia
	Ring Sideroblast smear, a sign of copper deficiency in the blood.
Specialty	Endocrinology
Risk factors	Alcoholism, gastric bypass surgery

Copper deficiency, or hypocupremia, is defined either as insufficient copper to meet the needs of the body, or as a serum copper level below the normal range.^[1] Symptoms may include fatigue, decreased red blood cells, early greying of the hair, and neurological problems presenting as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and ataxia.^[2] The neurodegenerative syndrome of copper deficiency has been recognized for some time in ruminant animals, in which it is commonly known as "swayback".^[3] Copper deficiency can manifest in parallel with vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies.^[2]

^ Scheiber, Ivo; Dringen, Ralf; Mercer, Julian F. B. (2013). "Chapter 11. Copper: Effects of Deficiency and Overload". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 359–387. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470097.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Half was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Jaiser, copper myelopathy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[scheiber-1] Scheiber, Ivo; Dringen, Ralf; Mercer, Julian F. B. (2013). "Chapter 11. Copper: Effects of Deficiency and Overload". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 359–387. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470097.

[Half-2] Cite error: The named reference Half was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Jaiser,_copper_myelopathy-3] Cite error: The named reference Jaiser, copper myelopathy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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